B: Graham R. Stetson, OD, MS

Most people are familiar with diabetes, however many are unaware of its impact on vision. A chronic condition characterized by elevated blood sugar levels, diabetes affects millions of people worldwide. Almost 9% of the adult population of Massachusetts have been diagnosed with diabetes, and over 31% have prediabetes. Diabetic eye disease is a leading cause of blindness among adults. 

Diabetic retinopathy is the most common form of diabetic eye disease. It occurs when high blood sugar levels damage blood vessels in the retina, the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. In the early stages, diabetic retinopathy may cause no symptoms or only mild vision problems. However, as the disease progresses, it can lead to severe vision loss and blindness.

Another complication of diabetes is diabetic macular edema (DME), which occurs when fluid leaks into the macula, the part of the retina responsible for sharp central vision. DME can cause blurriness and visual distortions, making it difficult to read or drive.

People with diabetes tend to develop cataracts at an earlier age. Cataracts are a clouding of the eye's natural lens and can significantly impact vision. When they become visually significant, they can be surgically removal.

Furthermore, diabetes increases the risk of developing certain types of glaucoma, a group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerve. Glaucoma often has no symptoms in its initial stages but can lead to peripheral vision loss and eventually blindness if not detected and treated early.

Regular eye exams are essential for detecting diabetic eye disease early when treatment is most effective. The American Diabetes Association recommends that people with diabetes have a comprehensive medical eye exam at least once a year. During this exam, an eye care professional will thoroughly examine the retina and optic nerve for any signs of damage.

In addition to regular eye exams, managing blood sugar levels, blood pressure, and cholesterol is crucial for preventing diabetic eye disease. Healthy lifestyle choices, such as maintaining a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and not smoking, are critical to maintaining eye and whole-body health.

Remember that, while diabetic eye disease can lead to vision loss and blindness, with proper management these complications can generally be avoided. By taking proactive steps to manage diabetes and prioritize eye health, individuals can reduce their risk of developing diabetic eye disease and protect their vision for the future.

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